Nationalism - Latin American Independence - Revision history

Admin at 13:56, 28 April 2024

2024-04-28T13:56:36Z

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Admin at 13:56, 28 April 2024

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Admin at 14:53, 9 September 2023

2023-09-09T14:53:00Z

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	\| style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" \| <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >'''LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS & INDEPENDENCE'''</span>		\| style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" \| <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">'''LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS & INDEPENDENCE'''</span>
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			\| style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" \| <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >'''Overview of Latin American Revolutions'''</span><br>
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			\| style="width: 100%;" \| <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >The viceroys from Spain and Portugal ruled with absolute power in Latin America. Most people had no political rights nor a voice in government. Within the ruling class, colonial-born creoles resented the privileges of European-born peninsulares. Further down the social scale, mixed-ancestry mestizos, Indians, and African slaves wanted to be free of their oppressive masters and to improve their living and working conditions. This situation encouraged successful independence movements across Latin American between 1804 and 1824. The first uprising was in Haiti by African slaves led by ex-slave <span style="color: rgb(230, 126, 35);" >Toussaint L’Ouverture</span>. The rebels burned the sugar plantations and by 1804 were able to declare their complete independence from France. In Mexico in 1810, a Catholic priest named <span style="color: rgb(230, 126, 35);" >Miguel Hidalgo </span>led the first revolt against Spanish rule, but his Indian and mestizo followers were defeated. Mexico won independence in 1821 when Mexican creoles sided with the revolutionaries. This encouraged Spain's Central American provinces to declare their independence as the United Provinces of Central America. The impact of the ideas of the American and French Revolutions was particularly strong in South America. Creoles like <span style="color: rgb(230, 126, 35);" >Simon Bolivar</span> had been influenced by the ideals of equality and liberty. Between 1810 and 1830, he fought and won independence for Gran Colombia (present-day Venezuela, Colombia, and Panama), Bolivia, and Ecuador. <span style="color: rgb(230, 126, 35);" >Jose de San Martin</span> and <span style="color: rgb(230, 126, 35);" >Bernardo O'Higgins</span> brought freedom to Peru, Chile, and the United Provinces of La Plata (Argentina and Uruguay). Brazil won its independence in 1822. Unlike the Spanish colonies which had to struggle for their freedom, Brazil was aided by its royal family. The king's son was proclaimed Emperor <br>Pedro I.</span>
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Admin at 02:15, 8 September 2023

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Admin at 02:14, 8 September 2023

2023-09-08T02:14:25Z

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Admin at 02:12, 8 September 2023

2023-09-08T02:12:48Z

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	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">Early Nationalism developed out of the ideas of the Enlightenment. Not only were people starting to develop ideas of "consent of the governed" but the idea that they could be independent from the European colonial powers.</span>		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">Early Nationalism developed out of the ideas of the Enlightenment. Not only were people starting to develop ideas of "consent of the governed" but the idea that they could be independent from the European colonial powers.</span>

Admin at 01:56, 8 September 2023

2023-09-08T01:56:19Z

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			\| style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" \| <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >'''LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS & INDEPENDENCE'''</span>
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	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">Early Nationalism developed out of the ideas of the Enlightenment. Not only were people starting to develop ideas of "consent of the governed" but the idea that they could be independent from the European colonial powers.</span>		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">Early Nationalism developed out of the ideas of the Enlightenment. Not only were people starting to develop ideas of "consent of the governed" but the idea that they could be independent from the European colonial powers.</span>

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	\| style="height: 321px; width: 100%;" colspan="2" \| [[File:3057527247cfc79208d8a5def29e39f5-4292291319.jpg\|600px\|center\|frameless]]<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;"></span>		\| style="height: 321px; width: 100%;" colspan="2" \| [[File:3057527247cfc79208d8a5def29e39f5-4292291319.jpg\|600px\|center\|frameless]]<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;"></span>
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	\| style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" colspan="2" \| <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">'''PENINSULARES<br>'''</span>		\| style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" colspan="2" \| <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">'''PENINSULARES<br>'''</span>
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	\| colspan="2" \| <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">The upper echelons of colonial society were dominated by Spaniards, who held all of the positions of economic privilege and political power. However, a sharp split existed between those born in Europe, "peninsulares," and those born in the Americas, creoles. Although the relationship between these two groups was sometimes friendly, as when peninsular men married into creole families, it could also be antagonistic. Peninsulares sometimes perceived creoles as lazy, mentally deficient, and physically degenerate, whereas creoles often saw peninsulares as avaricious. In the sixteenth century rivalries between European-born and American-born friars for control of the religious orders led to violence that resulted in a formal policy of alternating terms of leadership between creoles and peninsulares. The Spanish crown's preference for European-born Spaniards in government and church posts in the eighteenth century provoked deep resentment among elite creole men, who had come to expect positions of influence. Their resentment helped fuel anti-Iberian sentiment in the colonies before the wars for independence.</span>		\| colspan="2" \| <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">The upper echelons of colonial society were dominated by Spaniards, who held all of the positions of economic privilege and political power. However, a sharp split existed between those born in Europe, "peninsulares," and those born in the Americas, creoles. Although the relationship between these two groups was sometimes friendly, as when peninsular men married into creole families, it could also be antagonistic. Peninsulares sometimes perceived creoles as lazy, mentally deficient, and physically degenerate, whereas creoles often saw peninsulares as avaricious. In the sixteenth century rivalries between European-born and American-born friars for control of the religious orders led to violence that resulted in a formal policy of alternating terms of leadership between creoles and peninsulares. The Spanish crown's preference for European-born Spaniards in government and church posts in the eighteenth century provoked deep resentment among elite creole men, who had come to expect positions of influence. Their resentment helped fuel anti-Iberian sentiment in the colonies before the wars for independence.</span>
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Admin at 01:50, 8 September 2023

2023-09-08T01:50:52Z

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Admin at 01:49, 8 September 2023

2023-09-08T01:49:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:49, 7 September 2023
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	\| style="height: 29px; width: 100%; text-align: center;" colspan="2" \| <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >'''CREOLES'''</span><br>		\| style="height: 29px; width: 100%; text-align: center;" colspan="2" \| <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >'''CREOLES'''</span><br>

Admin at 01:47, 8 September 2023

2023-09-08T01:47:50Z

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	\| style="height: 184px; width: 100%;" colspan="2" \| <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >The class structures of Latin America are determined by the social relationships of basic economic activities. These relationships include property ownership, labor arrangements, forms and sources of income, and patterns of supervision and subordination, among others. In addition, some groups of people may be confined to certain jobs or discriminated against on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity, and so on. All of these factors contribute to the formation and characteristics of contemporary social classes. Given the great diversity among Latin American countries, the following discussion should be considered mainly as a portrayal of general regional patterns. The diagram below illustrates the basic social hierarchy of Latin American society during the colonial era.</span><br>		\| style="height: 184px; width: 100%;" colspan="2" \| <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >The class structures of Latin America are determined by the social relationships of basic economic activities. These relationships include property ownership, labor arrangements, forms and sources of income, and patterns of supervision and subordination, among others. In addition, some groups of people may be confined to certain jobs or discriminated against on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity, and so on. All of these factors contribute to the formation and characteristics of contemporary social classes. Given the great diversity among Latin American countries, the following discussion should be considered mainly as a portrayal of general regional patterns. The diagram below illustrates the basic social hierarchy of Latin American society during the colonial era.</span><br>
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