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SOCIAL HISTORY STUDY GUIDE

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| width="24%" | '''LATE MIDDLE AGES'''
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'''16thand 17thCENTURIES'''
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'''18thCENTURY'''
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'''19THCENTURY'''
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MARRIAGE AND FAMILY:

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* Nuclear family

* Divorce nonexistent

* Marriages arranged for economic reasons.

* Prostitution in urban areas

* Avg Age for men: mid-late 20s

* Avg Age for women: less than 20 years old.

* Church encouraged cult of paternal care.

* Many couples did not observe church regulations on marriage.

* Manners shaped men to please women.

* Relative sexual equality





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MARRIAGE AND FAMILY:

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* Nuclear family

* Divorce available in certain cases

* More prostitution
* Marriages still based on economics but increasingly more romantic.

* Average age for marriage: 27 for men; 25 for women.

* Increased infanticide.

* Low rate of illegitimate births.

* Dramatic population growth until 1650; growth slows until 1750.





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MARRIAGE AND FAMILY:

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* Nuclear family

* Growth of Cottage Industry.

* Marriages based more on romance.

* Average age for marriage: late 20s or later; takes longer for couple to be ready economically for marriage.

* Many women don’t marry; "spinsters"

* Illegitimate birth explosion:1750-1850

* Increase in infanticide.

* Foundling hospitals created

* Young people increasingly worked away from home in the city.

* "Spare the rod, spoil the child."

* Rise of humanitarianism (influenced by Enlightenment.





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MARRIAGE AND FAMILY:

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*Ideal of romantic love now most important reason

* Fewer children per family; more love towards children

* Middle class more apt to consider economic reasons

* Many men married late

* Women closely monitored

* Sexual double standard

* Rate of illegitimacy declined after 1850 in working classes

* Prostitution sought by middle & upper middle class men

* Freud: early childhood vital

* Lower class kids less dependent on parents financially than middle class kids





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STATUS OF WOMEN:

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* Status of upper-class women better than in next two centuries.





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STATUS OF WOMEN:

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* Status of upper-class women declines in Renaissance.
* Most women not affected by Renaissance.
* Educated women allowed involvement but subservient to men.
* Sexual double standard
* Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castaglione)
* Rape not considered serious crime.
* Protestant Reformation: women’s occupation is in the home.
* Catholic orders for women grew.





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STATUS OF WOMEN:

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*Protestant women still expected to manage the home.

* Upper-class Catholic women had self-development options in religious orders.





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STATUS OF WOMEN:

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* After 1850, increasingly separate spheres: men worked in factories; women stayed at home.

* By late-19thcentury, women worked outside the home only in poor families

* Middle class women began working to organize and expand their rights





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'''EDUCATION:
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* Mostly for Religious Leaders (Monks, Priests, etc)
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EDUCATION:

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* Mostly for upper-classes





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EDUCATION:

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* Protestantism spurred increased education for boys and girls.

* Humanitarianism of Enlightenment led to improved education





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EDUCATION:

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* Increase among middle class





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RELIGION:

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* Dominated by Catholic Church
* Reform movements: Wyclif and Hus.
* Some persecution of witches





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RELIGION:

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* Protestant Reformation

* Catholic Counter Reformation

* Religious wars

* "New Monarchs" and Absolute Monarchs take control of national churches.

* Major persecution of alleged witches.





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RELIGION:

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* Protestant "Pietism" in Germany.

* Rise of Methodism

* Catholic piety remains.

* Decrease in witch hunts





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RELIGION:

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*Rerum Novarum

* Syllabus of Errors

*Kulturkampf

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* Increased emphasis on morality among middle class

* Decline among urban working classes.





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NUTRITION AND HEALTH

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* Poor harvests created malnutrition.
* Black Plague resulted in loss of 1/3 of population.





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NUTRITION and HEALTH:

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*Poor life expectancy (about 25 years)

* Price Revolution = less food consumption due to higher prices (until about 1650).

* Bread is staple food for poor classes.

* Upper-classes eat large quantities of meat.

* Smallpox and famines still ravaged parts of Europe.





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NUTRITION and HEALTH

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* Improved diet: more vegetables (esp. potato).

* Increased life expectancy from 25 years to 35 years.

* Major advances in control of plague and disease (esp. Small Pox—Edward Jenner)

* William Harvey: Circulation of Blood

* Development of public health

* Hospital reform

* Reform for mental health institutions





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NUTRITION and HEALTH

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* Public Health Movement: Bentham & Chadwick
* Bacterial Revolution: Pasteur-"germ theory"
* Antiseptic (Lister)
* Increased life expetancy
* Significant decline in infant mortality after 1890
* Poor living conditions in cities





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SOCIAL STRUCTURE:

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* Feudalism dominated most of Europe.





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SOCIAL STRUCTURE:

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* Population growth began in 16thcentury until about 1650.

* Cities grew faster than rural areas.

* Two major hierarchies existed:





Countryside: landlords, peasants,

landless laborers

Urban: merchants, artisans,

laborers

Clergy, lawyers, teachers, & civil

servants fit awkwardly in both

hierarchies.
* Advancement up the hierarchy possible through education.

* Enclosure movement

* Putting out system

* Serfdom in eastern Europe


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SOCIAL STRUCTURE:

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* Cottage Industry in rural areas.

* Growth of cities.

* Serfdom in eastern Europe.





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SOCIAL STRUCTURE:

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* Increased standard of living for average person; higher wages
* Society more diverse and less unified




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Middle Class

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Upper Middle Class:

* Banking; industry; large-scale commerce

* Diversified middle class groups

* Moderately successful industrialists, merchants, professionals (doctors, lawyers)

Lower Middle Class:

* Shopkeepers, small traders

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'''Lower Class: '''(80% of population)
* Highly skilled: Foremen; highly skilled handicraft trades
* Semi skilled: Craftspeople
* Low skilled: day laborers; domestic servants


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SLAVERY:

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* Few Africans lived in Europe.





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SLAVERY:

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* African slavery introduced.

* Dramatic increase in slave trade in New World.





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SLAVERY

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* Still exists in Portuguese, Spanish and British empires.





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SLAVERY:

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* Ends in Latin America as Spanish and Portuguese leaders are overthrown and Latin American countries become independent.

* Britain ends slavery in 1833

* France ends slavery in 1848

* Remains in U.S. until 1865




 
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